T2-3

Table 2-3: Microwave Drying References

Matrix Application Drying platform Conditions Comments Reference

Aqueous soln Evaporation 140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers 7-20 min at 1200 W Only mentioned in a table (C1)

Barium carbonate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Barium sulfate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Barium sulfate analysis precipitate Drying Crucible 2 min at 90 W Analysed barium sulfate SRMs 205 and 210 (Thorn Smith, Troy MI ) (C3)

Beef lard Moisture content Fiber glass pads Not reported Sample put between drying pads (C4)

Beef meat Moisture content Fiber glass pads Not reported Sample put between drying pads (C4)

Beef muscle Moisture content Fiber glass pads Not reported Sample put between drying pads (C4)

Beef, low fat Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Beef, medium fat Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Bologna Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Brine shrimp Drying Not reported 2 hours at 350 W Not focus of paper (C6)

Calcium carbonate Drying Not reported 2, 6, 10 min at 500 W Does drying affect analytical results? (C7)

Calcium sulfate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Canned ham Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Carp Drying Petri dish 650 W to constant weight (~15 min) Sample homogenized before drying, however intact analysis OK if less than 5 mm thick (C8)

Cheddar cheese Solids content Fiber glass pads 2-6 min at 450-600 W Round robin study - variability seen (C9)

Chicken franks Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Coal Inert drying 140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers 60 min at 1200 W Only mentioned in a table (C1)

Coal Total moisture Not reported 20 min at 420 W Compared to conventional oven drying (C10)

Coal Moisture Fiber glass pads 480 W to constant weight (~11 min) No degradation seen after 66 min heating (C11)

Cobalt carbonate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Copper sulfate (pentahydrate) Drying Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad 25 min at 600 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

Cottage cheese Solids content Fiber glass pads 2-6 min at 450-600 W Round robin study - variability seen (C9)

Dairy products Water content 140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers 3-4 min at 1200 W Only mentioned in a table (C1)

Detergents Solids content Pyrex petri dish 2 min at ? W Equivalent to oven drying (C13)

Drierite Drying Large porclain evaporating dish 20 min at 500 W or

10 min at 1000 W (C14)

Fibers Moisture content 140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers 6-10 min at 1200 W Only mentioned in a table (C1)

Flour Moisture Fiber glass pads 8 min at 415 W Sample size determined by type of flour (C15)

Franks Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Iron (III) carbonate Drying Not reported 2, 6, 10 min at 500 W Does drying affect analytical results? (C7)

Iron oxide ore slurry Drying Fluted filter paper on pyrex dish 15-60 sec at 735 W For slurry preparation (C16)

Lead carbonate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Lead sulfate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Liver Drying Petri dish 650 W to constant weight (~15 min) Sample homogenized before drying, however intact analysis OK if less than 5 mm thick (C8)

Lucerne Drying Petri dish 650 W to constant weight (~15 min) Sample homogenized before drying, however intact analysis OK if less than 5 mm thick (C8)

Maganese carbonate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Magnesium carbonate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Mechanically deboned chicken Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Milk Solids content Fiber glass pads 2-6 min at 450-600 W Round robin study - variability seen (C9)

Mussels Drying 120 mL PTFE vessels 3 min at 385 W,5 min at 555 W Compared to oven drying at 110°C for 24 hours (C17)

Nickel carbonate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

NIST

Milk powder

1549
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
8 min at 600 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

Coal

1632
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
8 min at 600 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

Brick Clay

679
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
2 min at 600 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

Limestone

88
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
5 min at 600 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

Flint Clay

97
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
5 min at 540 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

Plastic Clay

98
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
5 min at 540 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

Rice flour

1568
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
2 min at 120 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

Wheat flour

1567
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
2 min at 120 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

NIST

River sediment

2704
Drying
Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad
4 min at 480 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

Octocoral Drying Glass beaker with watchglass 20-50 min at 240 W Followed by oven drying (C18)

Pork lard Moisture content Fiber glass pads Not reported Sample put between drying pads (C4)

Pork meat Moisture content Fiber glass pads Not reported Sample put between drying pads (C4)

Pork, high fat Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Pork, low fat Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Processed tomato products Total solids Fiber glass pads 4 min at 600 W Collaborative study report (C19)

Sausage Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Sausages Moisture content Fiber glass pads Not reported Sample put between drying pads (C4)

Seafood Drying Not reported ? min at 90 W Found to be equivalent to freeze drying (C20)

Silica gel Drying Large porclain evaporating dish 20 min at 500 W or

10 min at 1000 W (C14)

Sludge Drying 140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers 20 min at 1200 W Only mentioned in a table (C1)

Sludge Moisture Fiber glass pads 100 min at 600 W General discussion paper (C21)

Smoked ham Moisture Fiber glass pads 600 W to dryness Collaborative study (C5)

Sodium hydrogen

phosphate

(heptahydrate) Drying Fiber glass pads or

Fiber glass pad + Thermapad 6 min at 600 W Compared with oven drying (C12)

Sweet corn seed Moisture Not reported 600 W to constant weight Estimation of maturities of seeds (C22)

Tilapia Drying Watch glass 750 W to dryness Used a combined microwave convection oven (C23)

Titanium dioxide slurry Moisture Fiber glass pads 4 min at 600 W General discussion paper (C21)

Tomatoes Total solids Not reported AOAC method Results depend on microwave type. Need certification (C24)

Waste water Solids and water content Porclain, high silica glass or polymethylene beakers, 250 mL, 8 cm tall 600 W till boiling, evaporate at just below boiling, 10 min at 600 W (C25)

Zinc carbonate Drying Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass 15 min at 700 W Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content (C2)

Matrix	Application	Drying platform	Conditions	Comments	Reference
Aqueous soln	Evaporation	140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers	7-20 min at 1200 W	Only mentioned in a table	(C1)
Barium carbonate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Barium sulfate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Barium sulfate analysis precipitate	Drying	Crucible	2 min at 90 W	Analysed barium sulfate SRMs 205 and 210 (Thorn Smith, Troy MI )	(C3)
Beef lard	Moisture content	Fiber glass pads	Not reported	Sample put between drying pads	(C4)
Beef meat	Moisture content	Fiber glass pads	Not reported	Sample put between drying pads	(C4)
Beef muscle	Moisture content	Fiber glass pads	Not reported	Sample put between drying pads	(C4)
Beef, low fat	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Beef, medium fat	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Bologna	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Brine shrimp	Drying	Not reported	2 hours at 350 W	Not focus of paper	(C6)
Calcium carbonate	Drying	Not reported	2, 6, 10 min at 500 W	Does drying affect analytical results?	(C7)
Calcium sulfate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Canned ham	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Carp	Drying	Petri dish	650 W to constant weight (~15 min)	Sample homogenized before drying, however intact analysis OK if less than 5 mm thick	(C8)
Cheddar cheese	Solids content	Fiber glass pads	2-6 min at 450-600 W	Round robin study - variability seen	(C9)
Chicken franks	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Coal	Inert drying	140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers	60 min at 1200 W	Only mentioned in a table	(C1)
Coal	Total moisture	Not reported	20 min at 420 W	Compared to conventional oven drying	(C10)
Coal	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	480 W to constant weight (~11 min)	No degradation seen after 66 min heating	(C11)
Cobalt carbonate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Copper sulfate (pentahydrate)	Drying	Fiber glass pads or
Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	25 min at 600 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
Cottage cheese	Solids content	Fiber glass pads	2-6 min at 450-600 W	Round robin study - variability seen	(C9)
Dairy products	Water content	140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers	3-4 min at 1200 W	Only mentioned in a table	(C1)
Detergents	Solids content	Pyrex petri dish	2 min at ? W	Equivalent to oven drying	(C13)
Drierite	Drying	Large porclain evaporating dish	20 min at 500 W or
			10 min at 1000 W		(C14)
Fibers	Moisture content	140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers	6-10 min at 1200 W	Only mentioned in a table	(C1)
Flour	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	8 min at 415 W	Sample size determined by type of flour	(C15)
Franks	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Iron (III) carbonate	Drying	Not reported	2, 6, 10 min at 500 W	Does drying affect analytical results?	(C7)
Iron oxide ore slurry	Drying	Fluted filter paper on pyrex dish	15-60 sec at 735 W	For slurry preparation	(C16)
Lead carbonate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Lead sulfate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Liver	Drying	Petri dish	650 W to constant weight (~15 min)	Sample homogenized before drying, however intact analysis OK if less than 5 mm thick	(C8)
Lucerne	Drying	Petri dish	650 W to constant weight (~15 min)	Sample homogenized before drying, however intact analysis OK if less than 5 mm thick	(C8)
Maganese carbonate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Magnesium carbonate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
Mechanically deboned chicken	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Milk	Solids content	Fiber glass pads	2-6 min at 450-600 W	Round robin study - variability seen	(C9)
Mussels	Drying	120 mL PTFE vessels	3 min at 385 W,5 min at 555 W	Compared to oven drying at 110°C for 24 hours	(C17)
Nickel carbonate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)
NIST Milk powder 1549	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	8 min at 600 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST Coal 1632	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	8 min at 600 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST Brick Clay 679	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	2 min at 600 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST Limestone 88	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	5 min at 600 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST Flint Clay 97	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	5 min at 540 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST Plastic Clay 98	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	5 min at 540 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST Rice flour 1568	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	2 min at 120 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST Wheat flour 1567	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	2 min at 120 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
NIST River sediment 2704	Drying	Fiber glass pads or Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	4 min at 480 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
Octocoral	Drying	Glass beaker with watchglass	20-50 min at 240 W	Followed by oven drying	(C18)
Pork lard	Moisture content	Fiber glass pads	Not reported	Sample put between drying pads	(C4)
Pork meat	Moisture content	Fiber glass pads	Not reported	Sample put between drying pads	(C4)
Pork, high fat	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Pork, low fat	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Processed tomato products	Total solids	Fiber glass pads	4 min at 600 W	Collaborative study report	(C19)
Sausage	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Sausages	Moisture content	Fiber glass pads	Not reported	Sample put between drying pads	(C4)
Seafood	Drying	Not reported	? min at 90 W	Found to be equivalent to freeze drying	(C20)
Silica gel	Drying	Large porclain evaporating dish	20 min at 500 W or
10 min at 1000 W		(C14)
Sludge	Drying	140 mL, 8 cm tall beakers	20 min at 1200 W	Only mentioned in a table	(C1)
Sludge	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	100 min at 600 W	General discussion paper	(C21)
Smoked ham	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	600 W to dryness	Collaborative study	(C5)
Sodium hydrogen
phosphate
(heptahydrate)	Drying	Fiber glass pads or
Fiber glass pad + Thermapad	6 min at 600 W	Compared with oven drying	(C12)
Sweet corn seed	Moisture	Not reported	600 W to constant weight	Estimation of maturities of seeds	(C22)
Tilapia	Drying	Watch glass	750 W to dryness	Used a combined microwave convection oven	(C23)
Titanium dioxide slurry	Moisture	Fiber glass pads	4 min at 600 W	General discussion paper	(C21)
Tomatoes	Total solids	Not reported	AOAC method	Results depend on microwave type. Need certification	(C24)
Waste water	Solids and water content	Porclain, high silica glass or polymethylene beakers, 250 mL, 8 cm tall	600 W till boiling, evaporate at just below boiling, 10 min at 600 W	(C25)
Zinc carbonate	Drying	Porclain/glass beaker with ribbed watchglass	15 min at 700 W	Can handle 1-6 20 g samples with up to 68% water content	(C2)

References

C1. Lautenschläger, W. Spectroscopy 1989, 4, 16-21.

C2. Hesek, J. A.; Wilson, R. C. Anal. Chem. 1974, 46, 1160.

C3. Tadros, S. H.; Frazier, D. O. Analyst 1990, 115, 229.

C4. Crosland, A. R.; Bratchell, N. J. Assoc. Public Anal. 1988, 26, 89-95.

C5. Bostian, M. L.; Fish, D. L.; Webb, N. B.; Arey, J. J. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1985, 68, 876-880.

C6. Blust, R.; Van der Linden, A.; Verheyen, E.; Decleir, W. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1988, 3, 387-393.

C7. Worner, H. K.; Standish, N. Analyst 1989, 114, 115-116.

C8. Koh, T. S. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 1978-1979.

C9. Barbano, D. M.; Della Valle, M. E. J. Food Prot. 1984, 47, 272-278.

C10. Sumner, J. S.; Morrow, W. D. J. Coal Qual. .

C11. Jacobs, M. L. J. Coal Qual. 1984, 12-15.

C12. Beary, E. S. Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 742-746.

C13. Benz, C. Soap Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 1978.

C14. Aldrichimica Acta, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1988, pages 30. (Checked 8/15/95)

C15. Davis, A. B.; Lai, C. S. Cereal Chem. 1984, 61, 1-4.

C16. Kuehn, D. G.; Brandvig, R. L.; Lundeen, D. C.; Jefferson, R. H. Int. Lab. 1986, 16, 30-41.

C17. Ybanez, N.; Cervera, M. L.; Montoro, R.; Guardia, M. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1991, 6, 379-384.

C18. Jaffe, R.; Fernandez, C. A.; Alvarado, J. Talanta 1992, 39, 113-117.

C19. Chin, H. B.; Kimball Jr, J. R.; Hung, J.; Allen, B. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1985, 68, 1081-1083.

C20. Cabrera, C.; Lorenzo, M. L.; Gallego, C.; Lopez Martinez, M. C.; Lillo, E. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 126-128.

C21. Collins, M. J.; Gilman, L. B. Powder and Bulk Engineering 1988.

C22. Borowski, A. M.; Fritz, V. A. Hortic. Sci. 1990, 25, 361.

C23. Lamleung, S. Y.; Cheng, K. W.; Lam, Y. W. Analyst 1991, 116, 957-959.

C24. Wang, S. L. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1987, 70, 758-759.

C25. Krofta, M.; Wang, L. K. in "Development of a Microwave Method for Rapid and Accurate Analysis of Solids and Water Content"; LIR/04-81/5, U.S. Department of Commerce, April 30, 1981, 1981

Back

C1.	Lautenschläger, W. Spectroscopy 1989, 4, 16-21.
C2.	Hesek, J. A.; Wilson, R. C. Anal. Chem. 1974, 46, 1160.
C3.	Tadros, S. H.; Frazier, D. O. Analyst 1990, 115, 229.
C4.	Crosland, A. R.; Bratchell, N. J. Assoc. Public Anal. 1988, 26, 89-95.
C5.	Bostian, M. L.; Fish, D. L.; Webb, N. B.; Arey, J. J. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1985, 68, 876-880.
C6.	Blust, R.; Van der Linden, A.; Verheyen, E.; Decleir, W. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1988, 3, 387-393.
C7.	Worner, H. K.; Standish, N. Analyst 1989, 114, 115-116.
C8.	Koh, T. S. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 1978-1979.
C9.	Barbano, D. M.; Della Valle, M. E. J. Food Prot. 1984, 47, 272-278.
C10.	Sumner, J. S.; Morrow, W. D. J. Coal Qual. .
C11.	Jacobs, M. L. J. Coal Qual. 1984, 12-15.
C12.	Beary, E. S. Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 742-746.
C13.	Benz, C. Soap Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 1978.
C14.	Aldrichimica Acta, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1988, pages 30. (Checked 8/15/95)
C15.	Davis, A. B.; Lai, C. S. Cereal Chem. 1984, 61, 1-4.
C16.	Kuehn, D. G.; Brandvig, R. L.; Lundeen, D. C.; Jefferson, R. H. Int. Lab. 1986, 16, 30-41.
C17.	Ybanez, N.; Cervera, M. L.; Montoro, R.; Guardia, M. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1991, 6, 379-384.
C18.	Jaffe, R.; Fernandez, C. A.; Alvarado, J. Talanta 1992, 39, 113-117.
C19.	Chin, H. B.; Kimball Jr, J. R.; Hung, J.; Allen, B. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1985, 68, 1081-1083.
C20.	Cabrera, C.; Lorenzo, M. L.; Gallego, C.; Lopez Martinez, M. C.; Lillo, E. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 126-128.
C21.	Collins, M. J.; Gilman, L. B. Powder and Bulk Engineering 1988.
C22.	Borowski, A. M.; Fritz, V. A. Hortic. Sci. 1990, 25, 361.
C23.	Lamleung, S. Y.; Cheng, K. W.; Lam, Y. W. Analyst 1991, 116, 957-959.
C24.	Wang, S. L. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1987, 70, 758-759.
C25.	Krofta, M.; Wang, L. K. in "Development of a Microwave Method for Rapid and Accurate Analysis of Solids and Water Content"; LIR/04-81/5, U.S. Department of Commerce, April 30, 1981, 1981