Miscellaneous Reference Materials

Appendix 3 Miscellaneous Reference Materials

Matrix Analytes Reagents Cavity/Vessel Conditions Detection Ref.

BCR

Sewage amended soil

143
Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn HCl, HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed

1 min at 180 W, 4 min at 480 W,

60 min at 600 W

F-AAS

ETV-AAS
G1

Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn
1. HNO₃

2. HNO₃

3. H₂O₂

4. H₂O

Single mode/

open

1. 5 min at 10 W, 10 min at 30 W,

10 min at 60 W

2. 10 min at 60 W

3. 5 min at 60 W

4. 5 min at 50 W

ICP-OES

ICP-MS
G2

BCR

Domestic sewage

sludge 144
Pb HNO₃
Multimode/

flow through
5 min at 650 W F-AAS G3

Cu, Mn HNO₃, H₂O₂
Multimode/

flow through
3-5 min at 650W (digestate recirculated through oven) F-AAS G4

Cu, Mn
HNO₃,

Isoamyl alcohol

Multimode/

LP closed
3 min at 520 W F-AAS G5

Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn
HNO₃,

2-ethyl-hexan-1-ol

Multimode/

LP closed
3 min at 520 W F-AAS G6

Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn HNO₃
Multimode/

flow through

2 sec at 650 W

(0.5 mL coil, 15.4 mL min^-1)
F-AAS G7

Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr
1. HF, Aqua regia

2. H₃BO₃

Multimode/

LP closed

1. 8 min at 300 W,

11 min at 600 W

2. 6 min at 300 W

ICP-OES

F-AAS

ETV-AAS
G8

BCR

Sewage sludge 145
Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn HCl, HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed

1 min at 180 W, 4 min at 480 W,

60 min at 600 W

F-AAS

ETV-AAS
G1

Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr
1. HF, Aqua regia

2. H₃BO₃

Multimode/

LP closed

1. 8 min at 300 W,

11 min at 600 W

2. 6 min at 300 W

ICP-OES

F-AAS

ETV-AAS
G8

BCR

Industrial sewage sludge

146
Pb HNO₃,
Multimode/

flow through
5 min at 650 W F-AAS G3

Cu, Mn HNO₃, H₂O₂
Multimode/

flow through
3-5 min at 650 W (digestate recirculated through oven) F-AAS G4

Cu, Mn, Pb HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed
3 min at 90°C (650 W) ETV-AAS G9

Cu, Mn
HNO₃,

Isoamyl alcohol

Multimode/

LP closed
3 min at 520 W F-AAS G5

BCR

Industrial sewage sludge

146 (contd.)
Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn HNO₃
Multimode/

flow through

2 sec at 650 W

(0.5 mL coil, 15.4 mL min^-1)
F-AAS G7

Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn
HNO₃,

2-ethyl-hexan-1-ol

Multimode/

LP closed
3 min at 520 W F-AAS G6

Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr
1. HF, Aqua regia

2. H₃BO₃

Multimode/

LP closed

1. 8 min at 300 W,

11 min at 600 W

2. 6 min at 300 W

ICP-OES

F-AAS

ETV-AAS
G8

BCR

Brown bread

191
Cd, Cu, Pb HNO₃, HClO₄, H₂SO₄
Multimode/

HP closed
10 min at 85 bar DP-ASV G10

EPA

Solid

LCS
Al, As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn HNO₃, HCl
Multimode/

MP closed
1 min at 600 W ICP-OES G11

IAEA

Human diet H9
I HNO₃, N₂H₄
Multimode/

HP closed
35 sec at 675 W NAA G12

Cr, Hg, Se
1. HNO₃

2. H₂O₂

Multimode/

HP closed
1. 3 min at 450 W Radiochemical G13

Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed
3 min at 650 W (90°C) ETV-AAS G9

Al HNO₃
Multimode/

HP closed

1 min at 150 W, 30 min 0 W,

1 min at 450 W
ICP-OES G14

IAEA

Fresh water W4
Cu, Mn, Pb HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed
3 min at 650 W (90°C) ETV-AAS G9

NIST

Trace elements in glass

613
Pb, U HNO₃, HF, HClO₄
Multimode/

LP closed
5 min at 90 W, 15 min at 138 W ID G15

NIST

Trace elements in glass

615
Pb, U HNO₃, HF, HClO₄
Multimode/

LP closed
5 min at 90 W, 15 min at 138 W ID G15

NIST

Portland Cement

636
NA HBF₄, HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed
2 min at 600 W NA G16

NIST

Doped Platinum

681
Au, Pd, Pt Aqua regia
Multimode/

LP closed
1-3 hr at 860 KPa ETV-AAS G17

NIST

Alumina

699
Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti H₂SO₄
Multimode/

MP closed

3 min at 630 W,

5-15 min at 315 W (170°C)
ICP-OES G18

NIST

Wear metals in oil

1085
Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed

5.5 min to 175°C (574W)

4.5 min at 175-180°C (574W)
ICP-OES G19,G20

NIST

Total diet

1548
Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn
A.

HNO₃, H₂O₂

B.

HNO₃, H₂O₂

C.

HNO₃, HClO₄

Multimode/

HP closed

Multimode/

HP closed

Multimode/

HP closed

75 sec at 665 W

1 min at 250 W, 2 min at 0 W,

2 min at 250 W, 2 min at 400 W,

2 min at 600 W

150 sec at 950 W, 60 sec at 0 W,

90 sec at 300 W, 90 sec at 500 W,

90 sec at 700 W, 90 sec at 850 W
ETV-AAS G21

NIST

Powdered lead base paint

1579
Pb
A.

HNO₃

B.

Same as A

Multimode/

LP closed

HP closed

vessel

7 min at 675 W (90 psi max)

3 min at 270 W
F-AAS G22

Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn
1. HNO₃

2. HF

3. HBO₃

Multimode/

MP closed

1. 15 min at 0 W

2. 8 min at 60 W,

6 min at 90 W,

9 min at 60 W
ICP-OES G23

Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, S, Sb, Ti, Zn
A.

Aqua regia, H₂O

B.

HNO₃, HF

Multimode/

MP closed

Multimode/

LP closed

20 min at 180 psi

20 min at 190 W, 15 min at 0 W

ICP-OES

NAA
G24

NIST

Trace elements in fuel oil

1634
Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn HNO₃
Multimode/

LP closed

5.5 min to 175°C (574 W)

4.5 min at 175-180°C (574 W)
ICP-OES G19,G20

NIST

Trace elements in water

1643
Bi, Hg
1. HCl, KBr, KBrO₃

2. NaBH₄, NaOH

Single mode/

flow through

1. 65 sec at 90-120 W

(8.5 mL min-1)
CV-AAS G25, G26

NIST

Urban particulate

1648
Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb
1. HNO₃, H₂O, H₂O₂

2. Aqua regia, HF

(optional)

Multimode/

open

1. 15 min at 70 W,

15 min at 150 W,

15 min at 180 W,

1 min at 250 W,

1 min at 600 W

2. 15 min at 70 W,

1 min at 600 W
ETV-AAS G27

NIST

Metals on filter media

2676
Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Ti, V, Zn
A.

HF, Aqua regia

B.

HNO₃

Multimode/

LP closed

Multimode/

LP closed

5 min at 200 W,

5 min at 400 W

Same as A
ICP-OES G28

NIST

Multi element mix A

3171
Al HNO₃
Multimode/

MP closed

4 min at 200 W, cool,

4 min at 350 W, cool,

8 min at 250 W, cool,

10 min at 400 W (x4)
ETV-AAS G29

NIST

Mixed diet

8431
Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Zn HNO₃, HCl
Multimode/

LP closed

5 min at 300 W, 5 min at 0 W,

5 min at 300 W, 5 min at 450 W,

5 min at 0 W, 5 min at 450 W
ICP-OES G30

Cr, Hg, Se
1. HNO₃

2. H₂O₂

Multimode/

HP closed
1. 3 min at 450 W Radiochemical G13

Al HNO₃
Multimode/

HP closed

1 min at 150 W, 30 min at 0 W,

1 min at 450 W
ICP-OES G14

NRCC

Seawater

NASS-2
As, Fe, Se, V HNO₃, H₂O₂
Multimode/

HP closed
- ICP/MS G31

NRCC

Riverine water

SLRS-2
As, Fe, Se, V HNO₃, H₂O₂
Multimode/

HP closed
- ICP/MS G31

Matrix	Analytes	Reagents	Cavity/Vessel	Conditions	Detection	Ref.
BCR Sewage amended soil 143	Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn	HCl, HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	1 min at 180 W, 4 min at 480 W, 60 min at 600 W	F-AAS ETV-AAS	G1
Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn	1. HNO₃ 2. HNO₃ 3. H₂O₂ 4. H₂O	Single mode/ open	1. 5 min at 10 W, 10 min at 30 W, 10 min at 60 W 2. 10 min at 60 W 3. 5 min at 60 W 4. 5 min at 50 W	ICP-OES ICP-MS	G2
BCR Domestic sewage sludge 144	Pb	HNO₃	Multimode/ flow through	5 min at 650 W	F-AAS	G3
Cu, Mn	HNO₃, H₂O₂	Multimode/ flow through	3-5 min at 650W (digestate recirculated through oven)	F-AAS	G4
Cu, Mn	HNO₃, Isoamyl alcohol	Multimode/ LP closed	3 min at 520 W	F-AAS	G5
Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn	HNO₃, 2-ethyl-hexan-1-ol	Multimode/ LP closed	3 min at 520 W	F-AAS	G6
Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn	HNO₃	Multimode/ flow through	2 sec at 650 W (0.5 mL coil, 15.4 mL min^-1)	F-AAS	G7
Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr	1. HF, Aqua regia 2. H₃BO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	1. 8 min at 300 W, 11 min at 600 W 2. 6 min at 300 W	ICP-OES F-AAS ETV-AAS	G8
BCR Sewage sludge 145	Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn	HCl, HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	1 min at 180 W, 4 min at 480 W, 60 min at 600 W	F-AAS ETV-AAS	G1
Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr	1. HF, Aqua regia 2. H₃BO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	1. 8 min at 300 W, 11 min at 600 W 2. 6 min at 300 W	ICP-OES F-AAS ETV-AAS	G8
BCR Industrial sewage sludge 146	Pb	HNO₃,	Multimode/ flow through	5 min at 650 W	F-AAS	G3
Cu, Mn	HNO₃, H₂O₂	Multimode/ flow through	3-5 min at 650 W (digestate recirculated through oven)	F-AAS	G4
Cu, Mn, Pb	HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	3 min at 90°C (650 W)	ETV-AAS	G9
Cu, Mn	HNO₃, Isoamyl alcohol	Multimode/ LP closed	3 min at 520 W	F-AAS	G5
BCR Industrial sewage sludge 146 (contd.)	Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn	HNO₃	Multimode/ flow through	2 sec at 650 W (0.5 mL coil, 15.4 mL min^-1)	F-AAS	G7
Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn	HNO₃, 2-ethyl-hexan-1-ol	Multimode/ LP closed	3 min at 520 W	F-AAS	G6
Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr	1. HF, Aqua regia 2. H₃BO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	1. 8 min at 300 W, 11 min at 600 W 2. 6 min at 300 W	ICP-OES F-AAS ETV-AAS	G8
BCR Brown bread 191	Cd, Cu, Pb	HNO₃, HClO₄, H₂SO₄	Multimode/ HP closed	10 min at 85 bar	DP-ASV	G10
EPA Solid LCS	Al, As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn	HNO₃, HCl	Multimode/ MP closed	1 min at 600 W	ICP-OES	G11
IAEA Human diet H9	I	HNO₃, N₂H₄	Multimode/ HP closed	35 sec at 675 W	NAA	G12
Cr, Hg, Se	1. HNO₃ 2. H₂O₂	Multimode/ HP closed	1. 3 min at 450 W	Radiochemical	G13
Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn	HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	3 min at 650 W (90°C)	ETV-AAS	G9
Al	HNO₃	Multimode/ HP closed	1 min at 150 W, 30 min 0 W, 1 min at 450 W	ICP-OES	G14
IAEA Fresh water W4	Cu, Mn, Pb	HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	3 min at 650 W (90°C)	ETV-AAS	G9
NIST Trace elements in glass 613	Pb, U	HNO₃, HF, HClO₄	Multimode/ LP closed	5 min at 90 W, 15 min at 138 W	ID	G15
NIST Trace elements in glass 615	Pb, U	HNO₃, HF, HClO₄	Multimode/ LP closed	5 min at 90 W, 15 min at 138 W	ID	G15
NIST Portland Cement 636	NA	HBF₄, HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	2 min at 600 W	NA	G16
NIST Doped Platinum 681	Au, Pd, Pt	Aqua regia	Multimode/ LP closed	1-3 hr at 860 KPa	ETV-AAS	G17
NIST Alumina 699	Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti	H₂SO₄	Multimode/ MP closed	3 min at 630 W, 5-15 min at 315 W (170°C)	ICP-OES	G18
NIST Wear metals in oil 1085	Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn	HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	5.5 min to 175°C (574W) 4.5 min at 175-180°C (574W)	ICP-OES	G19,G20
NIST Total diet 1548	Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn	A. HNO₃, H₂O₂ B. HNO₃, H₂O₂ C. HNO₃, HClO₄	Multimode/ HP closed Multimode/ HP closed Multimode/ HP closed	75 sec at 665 W 1 min at 250 W, 2 min at 0 W, 2 min at 250 W, 2 min at 400 W, 2 min at 600 W 150 sec at 950 W, 60 sec at 0 W, 90 sec at 300 W, 90 sec at 500 W, 90 sec at 700 W, 90 sec at 850 W	ETV-AAS	G21
NIST Powdered lead base paint 1579	Pb	A. HNO₃ B. Same as A	Multimode/ LP closed HP closed vessel	7 min at 675 W (90 psi max) 3 min at 270 W	F-AAS	G22
Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sr, Ti, Zn	1. HNO₃ 2. HF 3. HBO₃	Multimode/ MP closed	1. 15 min at 0 W 2. 8 min at 60 W, 6 min at 90 W, 9 min at 60 W	ICP-OES	G23
Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, S, Sb, Ti, Zn	A. Aqua regia, H₂O B. HNO₃, HF	Multimode/ MP closed Multimode/ LP closed	20 min at 180 psi 20 min at 190 W, 15 min at 0 W	ICP-OES NAA	G24
NIST Trace elements in fuel oil 1634	Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn	HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed	5.5 min to 175°C (574 W) 4.5 min at 175-180°C (574 W)	ICP-OES	G19,G20
NIST Trace elements in water 1643	Bi, Hg	1. HCl, KBr, KBrO₃ 2. NaBH₄, NaOH	Single mode/ flow through	1. 65 sec at 90-120 W (8.5 mL min-1)	CV-AAS	G25, G26
NIST Urban particulate 1648	Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb	1. HNO₃, H₂O, H₂O₂ 2. Aqua regia, HF (optional)	Multimode/ open	1. 15 min at 70 W, 15 min at 150 W, 15 min at 180 W, 1 min at 250 W, 1 min at 600 W 2. 15 min at 70 W, 1 min at 600 W	ETV-AAS	G27
NIST Metals on filter media 2676	Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Ti, V, Zn	A. HF, Aqua regia B. HNO₃	Multimode/ LP closed Multimode/ LP closed	5 min at 200 W, 5 min at 400 W Same as A	ICP-OES	G28
NIST Multi element mix A 3171	Al	HNO₃	Multimode/ MP closed	4 min at 200 W, cool, 4 min at 350 W, cool, 8 min at 250 W, cool, 10 min at 400 W (x4)	ETV-AAS	G29
NIST Mixed diet 8431	Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Zn	HNO₃, HCl	Multimode/ LP closed	5 min at 300 W, 5 min at 0 W, 5 min at 300 W, 5 min at 450 W, 5 min at 0 W, 5 min at 450 W	ICP-OES	G30
Cr, Hg, Se	1. HNO₃ 2. H₂O₂	Multimode/ HP closed	1. 3 min at 450 W	Radiochemical	G13
Al	HNO₃	Multimode/ HP closed	1 min at 150 W, 30 min at 0 W, 1 min at 450 W	ICP-OES	G14
NRCC Seawater NASS-2	As, Fe, Se, V	HNO₃, H₂O₂	Multimode/ HP closed	-	ICP/MS	G31
NRCC Riverine water SLRS-2	As, Fe, Se, V	HNO₃, H₂O₂	Multimode/ HP closed	-	ICP/MS	G31

References:

G1. Nieuwenhuize, J.; Poley Vos, C. H.; Van Den Akker, A. H.; Van Delft, W. Analyst 1991, 116, 347.

G2. Quevauviller, P.; Imbert, J. L.; Olle, M. Mikrochim. Acta 1993, 112, 147.

G3. Carbonell, V.; De La Guardia, M.; Salvador, A.; Burguera, J. L.; Burguera, M. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 238, 417.

G4. Carbonell, V.; Morales Rubio, A.; Salvador, A.; De La Guardia, M.; Burguera, J. L.; Burguera, M. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1992, 7, 1085.

G5. Martinez Avila, R.; Carbonell, V.; De La Guardia, M.; Salvador, A. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1990, 73, 389.

G6. Morales, A.; Pomares, F.; De La Guardia, M.; Salvador, A. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1989, 4, 329.

G7. De La Guardia, M.; Carbonell, V.; Morales Rubio, A.; Salvador, A. Talanta 1993, 40, 1609.

G8. Bettinelli, M.; Baroni, U.; Pastorelli, N. J. Anal. Chim. Acta 1989, 225, 159.

G9. Littlejohn, D.; Egila, J. N.; Gosland, R. M.; Kunwar, U. K.; Smith, C.; Shan, X. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 250, 71.

G10. Schramel, P.; Hasse, S. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 346, 794.

G11. Kammin, W. R.; Brandt, M. J. Spectroscopy 1989, 4, 22.

G12. Rao, R. R.; Chatt, A. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 1298.

G13. Vasconcellas, M. B. A.; Maihara, V. A.; Favaro, D. I. T.; Armelin, M. J. A.; Toro, E. C.; Ogris, R. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1991, 153, 185.

G14. Schelenz, R.; Zeiller, E. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 345, 68.

G15. Fischer, L. B. Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 261.

G16. Matthes, S. A. In Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation: Theory and Practice; Jassie, L. B., Kingston, H. M., Eds.; ACS: Washington, D.C., 1988, pp 33.

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G20. Binstock, D. A.; Yeager, W. M.; Groshe, P. M.; Gaskill, A. Validation of a Method for Determining Elements in Solid Waste by Microwave Digestion, Report, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989

G21. Mingorance, M. D.; Perez Vazquez, M. L.; Lachica, M. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993, 8, 853.

G22. Corl, W. E. Spectroscopy 1991, 6, 40.

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G27. Chakraborti, D.; Burguera, M.; Burguera, J. L. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 347, 233.

G28. Paudyn, A. M.; Smith, R. G. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990, 5, 523.

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Back to Text

G1.	Nieuwenhuize, J.; Poley Vos, C. H.; Van Den Akker, A. H.; Van Delft, W. Analyst 1991, 116, 347.
G2.	Quevauviller, P.; Imbert, J. L.; Olle, M. Mikrochim. Acta 1993, 112, 147.
G3.	Carbonell, V.; De La Guardia, M.; Salvador, A.; Burguera, J. L.; Burguera, M. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 238, 417.
G4.	Carbonell, V.; Morales Rubio, A.; Salvador, A.; De La Guardia, M.; Burguera, J. L.; Burguera, M. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1992, 7, 1085.
G5.	Martinez Avila, R.; Carbonell, V.; De La Guardia, M.; Salvador, A. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1990, 73, 389.
G6.	Morales, A.; Pomares, F.; De La Guardia, M.; Salvador, A. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1989, 4, 329.
G7.	De La Guardia, M.; Carbonell, V.; Morales Rubio, A.; Salvador, A. Talanta 1993, 40, 1609.
G8.	Bettinelli, M.; Baroni, U.; Pastorelli, N. J. Anal. Chim. Acta 1989, 225, 159.
G9.	Littlejohn, D.; Egila, J. N.; Gosland, R. M.; Kunwar, U. K.; Smith, C.; Shan, X. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 250, 71.
G10.	Schramel, P.; Hasse, S. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 346, 794.
G11.	Kammin, W. R.; Brandt, M. J. Spectroscopy 1989, 4, 22.
G12.	Rao, R. R.; Chatt, A. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 1298.
G13.	Vasconcellas, M. B. A.; Maihara, V. A.; Favaro, D. I. T.; Armelin, M. J. A.; Toro, E. C.; Ogris, R. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1991, 153, 185.
G14.	Schelenz, R.; Zeiller, E. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 345, 68.
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